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Wednesday, 4 July 2012

Dentistry focus: A breakthrough treatment

29th Jun 2012
Plasma Rich in Growth factors (PRGF) is a breakthrough treatment in the field of bone and tissue regeneration that can be applied to surgical and implant dentistry.
It is proven to greatly accelerate the healing process, leaving patients comfortable, following a procedure.
Traditionally, healing in dental implants takes several weeks and sometimes months in the case of bony healing following any dental implant procedure.
This can sometimes deter patients from taking proactive steps to embrace the more complex treatment modalities that are sometimes required especially in bone grafting procedures.
However, the benefits of the PRGF system mean that implant treatment can be undertaken with minimal disruption to the patient's normal routine, making it more convenient, simpler to undertake and much more comfortable post-operatively once the treatment has been carried out.

How PRGF works

The treatment works by taking a small amount of blood from the patient before treatment begins.
This sample is then placed in a centrifuge spinning device which isolates a type of protein (Plasma Rich in Growth Factors) from the sample. These proteins are used by our bodies naturally to as a part of the healing process from injury, and help tissue to regenerate and wounds to repair. By then applying this protein to the area where treatment has been undertaken, the patient is able to benefit from their own natural process for healing.
The only difference to this natural process is that we can accelerate the regeneration of tissue, giving the body a helping hand through a non-chemical, non-invasive and safe procedure.
By using the patient's own capacity for healing in these growth factors, we can harness the power of our existing abilities to regenerate bone and tissue. The procedure has already been used to great effect across Europe, supporting people to heal quickly and effortlessly.
The benefits of PRGF in dentistry
When it comes to dentistry, many of us would people agree that the benefits of having a consistent dental health and an enhanced capacity to heal can transform lives by bringing renewed confidence through an improved appearance and function. The use of PRGF has changed all that, by allowing an
• Enhanced healing in post-extraction sockets
• Regeneration of bone around implants
• Regeneration of bone in bony defects
• Regeneration of bone around pathological sites
• Improved osseo-integration around implants
• Faster wound healing that even the most radical dental work can be undertaken with minimal hassle to the patient, giving them all of the benefits without the traditional healing time associated with extensive work.

Using PRGF to promote rapid healing from dental work

The One-To-One dental clinic – http://121dental.co.uk/ – has always been at the forefront of new technologies and innovation in the field of dentistry and implantology, Now, through the innovative use of PRGF we can transform your smile simply, easily and without a lengthy healing time.
More than 10,000 people have realised the great potential of PRGF for promoting the bodies' own natural pharmacy in recovering fast from surgical procedures, and now you can access this outstanding technique for yourself.

Tuesday, 3 July 2012

Dental Treatment in Hepatitis C infected Patient










Dental Facts and Myths--- attend Seminar on 8th July at Nirmal Chhaya apartments Zirakpur


Dental Myths Busted

Fact or fiction?

Are white teeth healthier? Is there fluoride in our tap water? Here is the truth behind 10 dental myths.
MYTH No one uses NHS dentists any more. 
FACT
 Almost 30 million people (more than half the population of England) saw an NHS dentist between 2009 and 2011. This is an increase of more than a million since March 2006.
MYTH Children today have terrible teeth.
FACT The dental health of British schoolchildren is steadily improving. Six out of ten children start school with no tooth decay. But it's important to introduce a good dental health regime as early as possible.
MYTH White teeth are healthier teeth. 
FACT
 We may think they look better, but teeth aren't meant to be pure white. You can help keep your teeth as white as possible by brushing regularly with a fluoride toothpaste and flossing. Avoiding food and drinks that can stain teeth, such as tea, coffee and red wine, will also help to keep them white.
MYTH I have to see a dentist every six months.
FACT
 Your dentist will tell you how often you should come in for a dental check-up, and if you have very good oral health, this may be no more than once every two years.
MYTH There is fluoride in our water supply.
FACT
 Only around 10% of the UK's water supply has enough fluoride in it to benefit your dental health. You can find out if there's fluoride in your water from your water supplier. 
MYTH Baby toothpaste is better for young children.
FACT
 Some baby toothpaste brands don’t have enough fluoride in them to help prevent tooth decay. Choose a brand that contains at least 1,000ppm fluoride. Check the packaging to see if it contains enough fluoride.
MYTH Only the sugar in sweets, cakes, fizzy drinks and chocolate is bad for my teeth.
FACT
 While all these foods are bad for your teeth (and your general health), dried fruit, fruit juice and honey contain natural sugars that can cause tooth decay. Limit the amount of these foods that you eat, don't have them between meals and brush your teeth twice a day.
MYTH There's no need to brush milk teeth.
FACT
 Even though your child will lose their milk teeth, they still have to be brushed. Establishing good habits early in life helps ensure life-long dental health. Brush your baby's teeth twice daily from the moment their first tooth cuts through.
MYTH I'll need false teeth when I'm older.
FACT
 Improvements in dental hygiene mean that more of us keep our natural teeth into old age. In 1968, 37% of adults had no natural teeth. By 1998, the figure had fallen to 12%.
MYTH Bad breath is only caused by not brushing your teeth properly.
FACT
 Most cases (up to 90%) of halitosis (bad breath) are caused by bad oral hygiene.
Regular brushing, flossing, eating and drinking healthily, and taking plenty of exercise are the best ways to avoid bad breath.




Sunday, 1 July 2012

Blood-Borne Diseases— Ensuring the Safety of Patients and Dental Professionals

(Hony) Brig Dr Anil Kohli

President, Dental Council of India
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), patient safety is a “global imperative,” affecting both patients and healthcare professionals worldwide. In India, the Patient Safety in Dentistry taskforce was created in 2009, with myself as the coordinator. The six members are committed to the development of systems, organizations, policies, and procedures to ensure safety throughout treatment.
For example, the occupational use of sharps routinely exposes dental professionals to blood-borne viruses, such as AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. These serious, potentially life-threatening diseases are transmissible to healthcare professionals from infected patients—and from infected caregivers to patients.
WHO reports an estimated 70,000 hepatitis B infections in healthcare workers from contaminated sharps annually. In India, a large proportion of the population is infected with blood-borne diseases: the country has an intermediate endemic of hepatitis B, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence between 2% and 7% among the groups studied. The number of HBsAg carriers in India has been estimated to be more than 40 million.
Although exposure to these and other viruses can be minimized by strict adherence to safety precautions, the risk cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, in order to help prevent disease transmission, it is essential that dental healthcare professionals, auxiliaries, and students be vaccinated. Unfortunately, vaccinations for HIV and hepatitis C virus are not available; however, a hepatitis-B vaccine has been administered since 2002 in many parts of India through the National Immunization Program. Despite this effort, the country still has a significant problem: an estimated every 20th Indian is a carrier of hepatitis B virus.
In many countries, it is mandatory for healthcare workers and students to be immunized against hepatitis B. India is home to 290 dental colleges, admitting more than 21,000 students every year. Therefore, to protect our flourishing dental workforce from occupational exposure to hepatitis B, it is important that immediate steps be taken: specifically, immunization for dental students who do not demonstrate active immunity against hepatitis B. Students having no or inadequate immunization at the time of admission would be required to be immunized, and each educational institution would maintain immunization records of all students.

This is only the beginning of what may be achieved for patient safety in India. Every practicing dental healthcare professional is encouraged to pursue available continuing dental education (CDE) in patient safety procedures. In addition, the World Health Organization will be releasing a Multi-Professional Patient Safety Curriculum Guide as a result of a 2-week virtual global discussion forum. Dental schools in India will be encouraged to incorporate this updated curriculum when it becomes available.
The Dental Council of India has long been engaged in protecting the well-being of our healthcare workers and their patients. Through safety education and policy, we will continue to remain at the forefront of global healthcare initiatives.

 

Monday, 4 June 2012

London School of Commerce- Scholarship


Study with the largest MBA provider in Europe
Special Scholarships available for Indian students for Aug/Oct’12 intakes.
London School of Commerce (LSC) is an Associate College of the Cardiff Metropolitan University (UWIC) which offers internationally recognized British degrees in Business, Information Technology and Hospitality at a very reasonable price. Our main campus is located in the heart of London (London bridge area) and we have 7 international campuses in Malaysia, Hong kong, Colombo, Nairobi, Dhaka, Vietnam and Belgrade, making LSC a global community of 10,000 students from 100 countries.
Key Benefits of Studying at LSC
  • Obtain a globally recognized Degree directly from Cardiff Metropolitan University
  • Over 5000 students on campus from 100 countries, making student life a truly international experience.
  • Excellent facilities for students like IT Lab, Library, Student Lounge, Educational trips and dedicated counselors.
  • Highly qualified and renowned faculty (Likes of Geoff Lancaster and Michael Nieto)
  • Fees payable in easy installments
  • Access to over 70,000 online books & journals
  • Located in the heart of the biggest financial capital, excellent job prospects and opportunities on completion of course
  • Students can apply for Tier 2 work visa on completion of the course



Courses
MBA  - 1 Year
BA (Hons) Business Studies - 2 Years
MSc Information Technology - 16 Months
MSc International Hospitality Management - 1 Year
MSc International Tourism Management - 1 Year
BSc (Hons) Computing - 2 Years
PHD – 2 - Years
Request a free call back from LSC admissions counselor

Monday, 28 May 2012

Complications of Local Anesthesia- L.A. after Local Infiltration or Nerve Block During Dental Treatment













Download it as Document file:
odontosdentalhospital.in/downloads


Monday, 21 May 2012

The ProTaper Technique-Shaping the Future of Endodontics

The ProTaper Technique-Shaping the Future of Endodontics

There have been significant advancements in the development of NiTi rotary instruments in recent years. This evolution is driven by market demand and the continuous improvement in the manufacturing process. Dentists have increasingly identified the features they deem essential on the endless journey towards a more perfect file. These features include flexibility, efficiency, safety, and simplicity. The ProTaper system has been designed to provide these features; consequently, its entrance into the marketplace has had a profound effect.

The ProTaper NiTi files (Dentsply Maillefer; Ballaigues, Switzerland) represent a revolutionary generation of instruments for shaping root canals. This post will review the ProTaper geometries, then describe the ProTaper concepts, techniques and finishing criteria that may be utilized to fulfill the mechanical and biological objectives for shaping canals. Learning the ProTaper concept will lead to discovery then appreciation for this six instrument set, comprised of just three Shaping and three Finishing files.


The canals of this mandibular molar were shaped with ProTaper files and three-dimensionally filled. Note the flowing shapes, apical one-third curvatures and multiple portals of exit.


Protaper geometries
The following will describe the ProTaper geometries and specific features that make these Shaping and Finishing files remarkably unique.



The Shaping Files
Shaping File # 1 and Shaping File # 2, termed S1 and S2, have purple and white identification rings on their handles, respectively. The S1 and S2 files have D0 diameters of 0.17 mm and 0.20 mm, respectively, and their D14 maximal flute diameters approach 1.20 mm (Fig. 19.3). The Auxiliary Shaping File, termed SX, has no identification ring on its gold-colored handle and, with a shorter overall length of 19 mm, provides excellent access when space is restrictive. Because SX has a much quicker rate of taper between D1 and D9 as compared to the other ProTaper Shaping files, it is primarily used, after S1 and S2, to optimally shape canals in coronally broken down or anatomically shorter teeth. The SX file has a D0 diameter of 0.19 mm and a D14 diameter approaching 1.20 mm.

Progressively Tapered Design
A unique feature of the ProTaper Shaping files is each instrument has multiple “increasing” percentage tapers over the length of its cutting blades. This progressively tapered design serves to significantly improve flexibility, cutting efficiency, and safety.Fortuitously, a progressively tapered design typically reduces the number of recapitulations needed to achieve length, especially in small diameter or more curved canals. As an example, the SX file exhibits nine increasingly larger tapers ranging from .035 to .19 between D1 and D9, and a fixed .02 taper between D10 and D14. The S1 file exhibits twelve increasingly larger tapers ranging from .02 to .11 between D1 and D14.
The S2 file exhibits nine increasingly larger tapers ranging from .04 to .115 between D1 and D14. This design feature allows each shaping file to perform its own “crown down” work. One of the benefits of a progressively tapered shaping file is that each instrument engages a smaller zone of dentin which reduces torsional loads, file fatigue and the potential for breakage.

The Finishing Files
Three Finishing files named F1, F2 and F3 have yellow, red and blue identification rings on their handles corresponding to D0 diameters of 0.20 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.30 mm, respectively. Additionally, F1, F2, and F3 have fixed tapers between D1 and D3 of .07, 08, and .09, respectively.

The ProTaper technique


Canal preparation is improved when instruments pass through the access opening, effortlessly slide down smooth axial walls and are easily inserted into the orifice. The potential to consistently shape canals and clean root canal systems is significantly enhanced when the coronal two-thirds of the canal is first pre-enlarged followed by preparing its apical one-third.

Scout the coronal two-thirds
When straight-line access is completed, the pulp chamber should be filled with a viscous chelator and/ or irrigant. Based on pre-operative radiographs, ISO 0.02 tapered sizes #10 and #15 K-files are measured and precurved to match the anticipated full length and curvature of the root canal. However, in this method of canal preparation, these instruments are initially limited to the coronal two-thirds of a root canal. The #10 and #15 K-files are utilized within any portion of the canal until they are loose and a smooth reproducible ‘glide path’ is confirmed. The loose depth of the #15 K-file is measured and this length transferred to the ProTaper S1 and S2 instruments.

Shape the coronal two-thirds
Once a reproducible glide path is verified this portion of the canal should be pre-enlarged by first utilizing S1 then S2. Prior to initiating shaping procedures, the pulp chamber is filled with a 5.25% solution of NaOCl. Without pressure, and in one or more passes, the ProTaper Shaping instruments are allowed to passively ‘float’ into the canal and ‘follow’ the glide path. To optimize safety and efficiency, the Shaping instruments are used, like a ‘brush’, to laterally and selectively cut dentine on the outstroke. A brush-cutting action creates lateral space, which will facilitate the larger, stronger and more active cutting blades on the Shaping instruments to safely and progressively move deeper into the canal. If any ProTaper instrument ceases to advance within the verified portion of a canal, withdraw it, and recognize that intrablade debris has deactivated and pushed the instrument off the wall of the canal.

Upon removing each Shaping instrument, visualize where the debris is located along its cutting blades to better appreciate the region within the canal that is being prepared. Following the use of each Shaping instrument, irrigate, recapitulate with a #10 file to break up debris and move it into solution, then reirrigate.
Without pressure, and in one or more passes, S1, then S2, is used in this manner until the depth of the #15 K-file is reached.

Scout the apical one-third
When the coronal two-thirds of the canal is shaped, then attention can focus on apical one-third procedures. With the pulp chamber filled with a viscous chelator or irrigant, the apical one-third of the canal is fully negotiated and enlarged to at least a size #15 Kfile, working length confirmed and patency established. At this time, a decision must be made between whether to finish the apical one-third with rotary or hand instruments. If a new and straight #15 file can gently ‘slide’ and passively ‘glide’ to length, then rotary instruments will generally follow this confirmed and reproducible glide path. However, certain canals exhibit anatomical challenges that necessitate a reciprocating handle motion in order to move pre-curved #10 and #15 files to length. When there is an irregular glide path then the apical one-third of a canal may be finished with pre-curved
ProTaper hand instruments.

Shape the apical one-third
When the apical one-third of the canal has been scouted and a glide path created, then the pulp chamber is filled with NaOCl. The ProTaper sequence is to carry the S1, then the S2, to the full working length. Float, follow and brush as previously described until the terminus of the canal is reached. S1, then S2, will typically move to length in one or more passes depending on the length, diameter and curvature of the canal. Following each ProTaper instrument, irrigate, recapitulate with a #10 file, then re-irrigate. After using the Shaping instruments, particularly in more curved canals, working length should be reconfirmed, as a more direct path to the terminus has been established. At this stage of treatment, the preparation can be finished using one or more of the ProTaper Finishing instruments in a ‘nonbrushing’ manner. The F1 is selected and passively allowed to move deeper into the canal, in one or more passes, until the terminus is reached. When the F1 achieves length, the instrument is removed, its apical flutes are inspected and if they are loaded with dentine, then visual evidence supports the shape is cut. Following the use of F1, flood the canal with irrigant, recapitulate and confirm patency, then re-irrigate to liberate debris from the canal.

ProTaper finishing criteria
Following the use of the 20/07 F1, the ‘ProTaper Finishing Criteria’ is to gauge the size of the foramen with a 20/02 tapered K-file to determine if this instrument is snug or loose at length. If the #20 Kfile is snug at length then the canal is fully shaped and, if irrigation protocols have been followed, ready to fill.

Following the use of F1, if the #20 K-file is loose at length, then gauge the size of the foramen with a 25/ 02 tapered K-file. If the #25 file is snug at length, then the canal is fully shaped and ready to fill. If the #25 file is short of length, proceed to the 25/08 F2 and, when necessary, the 30/09 F3, gauging after each Finisher with appropriately sized hand files. If the #30 file is loose at length, then use an alternative NiTi rotary line or manual files to finish the apical extent of these larger, easier and more straightforward canals. ProTaper shapes are easy to fill utilizing a ProTaper matching gutta percha master cone in conjunction with a warm vertical condensation technique.



The Verdict:
Protaper recieves: ****/5 4 stars

Saturday, 21 April 2012

Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship Program- CCSP- Scholarships for Studying in Canada

This Scholarship IS NOT for those thinking of doing a LONG Course in Canada, and this is NOT the Commonwealth Scholarship.
Application Deadline 23rd April, 2012
Eligible applicants: Canadian Academic Institutions
Notification of results: June, 2012
This scholarship is tenable between September, 2012 and March, 2013
Background: Since the Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship Program’s inception in 1959, the Govt of Canada has provided scholarships of excellence to all member countries of the Commonwealth
The goal of the CCSP is to promote Canadian values and identity around the world and to help meet the human capital needs of developing countries
The Govt of Canada has also played a leadership role in the establishment of the internationalCommonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan and is the largest contributor to this program following the United Kingdom
Description: The CCSP provides short-term exchange opportunities for candidates from Commonwealth countries for study or research in Canada at the master’s or doctoral level
The program is open to all disciplines including interdisciplinary programs

Scholarship Value and Duration
:
 The scholarship value varies depending on the duration and level of studyStudies or research in Science and Technology will be prioritized
The scholarship value is $7,500 CAN for graduate students for a period of four months of study or research; or $10,000 CAN for graduate students for a period of five or six months of study or research
Eligibility: Candidates must be citizens of one of the following eligible countries
Asia-Pacific: Bangladesh, India, Kiribati, Malaysia, Maldives, Nauru, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu; or
Africa: Botswana, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Candidates who have obtained Canadian citizenship or who have applied for permanent residency in Canada are not eligible;
Already participating in an exchange program in Canada are not eligible;
Already enrolled in a degree or diploma program at a Canadian university or college are not eligible;
Must be enrolled full-time at a post-secondary institution in an eligible country and paying tuition fees at their home institution for the full duration of the exchange; and
Must be proficient in either English or French
Desired Qualifications: Priority will be given to candidates undertaking study or research in science and technology; and who have not previously studied in Canada under a Canadian government scholarship
Terms and Conditions: Canadian postsecondary institutions must submit an application on behalf of each candidate
An application submitted which does not meet the following terms and conditions may not be considered for a scholarship
The Canadian postsecondary institution must be accredited by its provincial or territorial government
An inter-institutional agreement is desirable but not mandatory
If there is no existing exchange agreement, graduate applications which involve a new or established collaboration between professors from a Canadian and a student’s home institution university will be accepted
Tuition or academic fees will be waived at the Canadian institution for scholarship recipients, as recipients are registered full-time and paying tuition to their home institution
A Canadian university may submit more than one application and may be asked to rank their applications based on their strategic priorities at the time of the selection process
Applications submitted directly by a candidate or their home institution will not be accepted
A scholarship recipient may not normally hold any other major scholarship granted by the Govt of Canada
Scholarship recipients taking courses must be in Canada by September for the fall semester or by January for the winter semester
Graduate students conducting research must arrive in Canada between August, 2012 and 15th March, 2013
Failure to arrive during this time will result in the cancellation of the scholarship
Scholarships are not renewable
Scholarships are not taxable for either the institution or the scholarship recipient
Financial reporting is not required from the institution or the scholarship recipient
Application Process: Applicants are encouraged to read the instructions below carefully before beginning the online application
Canadian institutions: Must complete the online application form on behalf of each candidate
Canadian faculty who are submitting applications must notify the international office of their respective institution as institutions may be requested to rank their applications; must verify the data prior to submission and check the declaration and permission boxes; must enter the information directly into the field or copy and paste it from another source
Applicants should refrain from using the tab keys when entering the information directly
Certain web based special characters such as HTML tags may cause unpredictable results in the text, or prevent successful submission of an application
The information will appear as plain text; must enter data in the fields provided, following instructions for each item (the official name of the student’s home institution must be provided in their national language); can obtain a hard copy for record keeping by printing the form using the print function in the browser, prior to submitting; and must click Submit for the online application
A confirmation page and reference number will appear after submission
Supporting Documents: The following documents must be uploaded and attached to the online application form in one of the following formats .pdf, .jpg, .doc, .docx, .txt or .gif
Letter of intent: A short letter in English or in French from the candidate describing the nature of their research or studies to be undertaken and explaining the rationale for study in Canada and for the choice of institution, program and supervisor
The candidate must also indicate how the proposed program of study or research will relate to their future career (maximum one page)
Privacy Notice Statement: A copy of the document signed by the candidate (view/download PDF* - 70 Kb)
Proof of Citizenship: A copy of the candidate’s passport or national identity document with valid dates; a baptism certificate is not accepted as proof of citizenship
Proof of full-time enrolment: A short letter in English or French from the home institution, on official letterhead, dated within the last six months
This letter must confirm that the candidate is currently enrolled in a full-time program and will continue to be enrolled upon their return
Copies of transcripts, a student card or letter of admission are not acceptable (maximum one page)
Letter of support from the home institution: A short letter in English or in French from the candidate’s professor or international director at the home institution explaining the nature of study and how the candidate and the home institution will benefit from this scholarship program (maximum one page)
Memorandum of Understanding or agreement between the Canadian and the student’s home institution: A signed copy of this document should be included with the application if the exchange is made under a signed agreement
Letter of invitation: A short letter from the Canadian supervisor indicating their willingness to support and mentor the candidate (maximum one page)
Deadline: The deadline for the online application form is 23rd April, 2012, 11.59 p.m. EST
Applications received late or incomplete will not be considered
It is the responsibility of the Canadian institution to ensure that supporting documents are received by the deadline
Supporting documents, other than those requested, will not be accepted
Canadian institutions are advised to establish an earlier deadline with the student’s home institution to ensure timely receipt of supporting documents
Selection Process: All online applications received by the deadline that meet the eligibility requirements will be reviewed and evaluated for a scholarship
Should there be a larger number of applications than funding available, the Canadian institution may be asked to rank their eligible applications based on their institutional strategic priorities
Applications will be evaluated based on the following criteria; academic merit of the proposed research or study that the candidate will undertake in Canada; benefit to the home institution, supervisor and peers; benefit to the Canadian institution, supervisor and peers; and strength of the linkages to be created through the proposed exchange
Notification: Canadian institutions will be notified by the end of June, 2012 by the scholarship administrator regarding the selection results
Successful applicants will receive a grant agreement with further details and conditions from the scholarship administrator
Payment Procedure: The scholarship will be disbursed by cheque in one Instalment to the Canadian institution following receipt of the following supporting documents
Signed grant agreement by the Canadian institution;
Proof of entry into Canada (copy of the passport page with an entry stamp, study permit or work permit); and
Proof of International or National Medical Coverage for the entire duration of the recipient’s stay in Canada
A cheque for the amount specified in the grant agreement will be sent to the contact person responsible for the scholarship program as specified on the application form at the Canadian institution
The Canadian institution must ensure that the scholarship amount covers; visa and/or study/work permit expenses; funding for the most economical round trip economy class ticket; funding for health insurance; monthly living allowance; and required books, supplies, and equipment, not including computers
The Canadian institution may withhold $300 CAN to cover administration fees once the scholarship recipient arrives in Canada
Any remaining amount will be disbursed to the scholarship recipient to cover additional costs
All funds, including the administrative fee, must be returned to the scholarship program administrator if the scholarship recipient does not take up the scholarship
These scholarships are subject to the availability of funding from the Govt of Canada